In a prospective study of outcomes of syndesmotic injuries with posterior malleolar fractures, Miller et al. Their approach centered anterior to the sural nerve and parallel to its path decreasing the risk for injury [27]. J Trauma 2010; 69(3): 666-9. Bois AJ, Dust W. Posterior fracture dislocation of the ankle: Technique and clinical experience using a posteromedial surgical approach. As a principle, the majority of AO type B injuries in other areas are treated with buttress plating rather than screw fixation from the opposite side. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 34(6):635–638, CAS  During feeder-dyke formation and eruption, part of the strain energy is used to squeeze out the magma from the chamber47 and for the formation and development of normal faults and tension fractures. Posterolateral approach for open reduction and internal fixation of a posterior malleolus fracture-hinging on an intact PITFL to disimpact the tibial plafond: a technical note. The lateral malleolus may be fixed by elevating the peroneal tendons laterally or medially through the same skin incision [41]. The articles are high standard and cover a wide area. In the past few decades, however, GPS and interferometric techniques allow dyke and other intrusion volumes, as well as the magma-chamber inflations, to be estimated approximately from the associated surface deformation33,44,45,46,47. Res. 143, 65–75 (2004). Each of the three clusters represented by these peaks spans some 60–70°. J. Geosci. Forberger J, Sabandal PV, Dietrich M, Gralla J, Lattmann T, Platz A. Posterolateral approach to the displaced posterior malleolus: Functional outcome and local morbidity. Severely fragmented bone that has lost its periosteal attachment is likely to become devitalized and is typically removed. Therefore, posterolateral plate placement is ideal. (a) Scoria cone volumes plotted as a cumulative frequency-size distribution as both a linear and a log-log plot (inset) and (b) the cone azimuthal distribution. In order to estimate the elastic energy available to form a feeder-dyke and squeeze magma out of the chamber and to the surface, information on the magma-chamber size is needed. He has published mainly in the subject areas of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. Facial Plast Surg 21(03):199–206, Gonty AA, Marciani RD, Adornato DC (1999) Management of frontal sinus fractures: a review of 33 cases. It is the story of a man who shoots his unfaithful wife, and then engages in a battle of wits with a young assistant district attorney. Miller AG, Margules A, Raikin SM. These attributes help to minimize the occurrence of postoperative complications. Article  The distal upper extremity was the most common location for fracture in both groups (Table 2). Fractures of the posterior malleolus can occur in conjunction with fibular and medial malleolar fractures or in isolation. Plast Reconstr Surg 80(4):500–510, Strong EB, Pahlavan N, Saito D (2006) Frontal sinus fractures: a 28-year retrospective review. J Craniofac Surg 26(1):108–112, Whitesell RT, Steenburg SD, Shen C, Lin H (2015) Facial fracture in the setting of whole-body CT for trauma: incidence and clinical predictors. 248, 1–20 (1995). Volcanic fissures are fluid-driven fractures (hydrofractures) which, together with tension fractures, are extension fractures or mode I cracks25. 7) [21]. Information about the influence of delayed surgery on infectious wound complications is ambiguous. The classification of naso-orbito-ethmoid depends on the extent of injury to the attachment of the medial canthal tendon, with possible complications like nasofrontal duct disruption. ADS  These estimates of the static βr use the dynamic/static ratio of Young’s modulus of 221. The mechanics of large volcanic eruptions. Generally, these outer lines are repaired first in complex injuries and provide the foundation upon which the more central naso-orbito-ethmoidal region can be reconstructed. In the most severe cases, this can lead to amputation and mortality. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 1995; 12(4): 603-31. Those studied here include (i) lengths of eruptive fissures and tension fractures, (ii) the diameters, heights, and volumes of scoria cones, and (iii) dyke thicknesses. Etna (Sicily, Italy). Relevant and timely articles are made available in a fraction of the time taken by more conventional publishers. Care is taken to preserve the PITFL attachment to the fragment and the joint capsule, which means the fragment should be booked open from medial to lateral for joint inspection [28]. Etna (Sicily). A resulting straight line is then regarded as a general indication that the data follow a power law whose slope is D, the scaling exponent (Eq. 2a) [31]. Some authors have gone so far as to say ligamentous repair of the PITFL is critical when operatively treating ankle fractures [20]. Res: Solid Earth (1978–2012) 113, B06405 (2008). Other facial fracture patterns such as naso-orbito-ethmoidal complex, frontal sinus, and zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures are often found together with Le Fort fractures. J. Int. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. The superficial location of the nose and the relative thinness of the nasal bones mean that nasal bone fractures are the most common injuries to the facial skeleton [31]. As discussed below, other dykes, however, are injected laterally from the central conduit of Etna. Type 1 fractures affect only the region below the plane that extends from the caudal tip of the nose to the anterior nasal spine; the nasal septum is unaffected in these fractures. Pickering, G., Bull, J. M. & Sanderson, D. J. Wang et al. In the present case, the break may be partly related to the tension fractures tending to be shorter, and with a lower scaling exponent, than the volcanic fissures. Rupture of the globe may result in blindness; on CT, a ruptured globe is seen as the “flat tire” sign (deformity of the globe) or an optic nerve lesion (Fig. Contribute and/or solicit Guest Edited thematic issues to the journal in a hot area (at least one thematic issue every two years). Level 2 describes the location of the fractures in detail within specific regions of the mandible, central and lateral midface, internal orbit, endocranial and exocranial skull base, and cranial vault. This last phase has been characterised by summit and lateral effusive eruptions, while some plinian eruptions have also been recorded13. The thickness ranges between 0.2 and 10 m, the average thickness being 1.84 m. Because the dykes outcrop on the deeply eroded margins of the valley, the original landforms are not preserved and it is commonly not possible to establish whether dykes were feeders or non-feeders. The trapdoor fracture is a type of orbital blowout fracture affecting the inferior part of the orbital wall, with the particularity that the inferior rectus muscle bulges into the maxillary sinus and is entrapped when the fractured fragment returns to its original position. Arthroscopic transfibular approach for removal of bone fragments in posterior malleolar fracture: technical tip. ADS  Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 8(8): CD008470. The annual incidence of ankle fractures is approximately 122-184/100,000 person years (1:800) [1]. Arthroscopic visualization of the tibial plafond during posterior malleolar fracture fixation. D’où ce sketch des "Guignols de l’info", au meilleur de leur forme. volume 11, Article number: 49 (2020) However, the strain-energy model applies also to dykes emplaced laterally from a central conduit or chamber. Volc. In type I, an intact medial canthal tendon is attached to a single large fragment of fractured bone; in type II, the medial canthal tendon is attached to a single bone fragment of a comminuted fracture; whereas in type III, the medial canthal tendon is avulsed because comminution includes the tendon’s insertion site on the anterior medial orbital wall at the level of the lacrimal fossa (Fig. a Intraorbital complications. a Axial CT image shows a fracture of the upper alveolar ridge (thin white arrows) with avulsion of the left incisors (arrowhead). When the superior orbital fissure (Fig. Using a poroelastic model32,40, we here use the outflowing magma volume, based on calculated dyke and eruption volumes, to estimate the volume of the Etna chamber. Two patients with multiple Le Fort fractures. (2015) Cummings otolaryngology: head & neck surgery. For a typical feeder-dyke in Etna and elsewhere the surface energy needed to form the dyke-fracture (and other tectonic extension fractures in rocks) is of the order of 107 J m−2 1. When considering the recurrence time of the eruptions, the calculated average eruptive volumes are also consistent with the average eruptive rate of Etna in the past 60 ka, estimated at 4.8 × 106 m3/a43. Privacy Article  Dr. Hernigou is member of the International Hip Society, SICOT treasurer, member of the French Academy of Surgery, and Past-President of SOFCOT (French Orthopaedic Society). 12, 2241–2258 (2012). Lui TH, Ip K, Chow HT. Using the estimated common dyke dimensions and eruptive volumes during the past several centuries, we estimate a typical combined intrusive (dyke) and extrusive magma volume flowing out of the Etna main source chamber during eruptions as about 0.064 km3 (6.4 × 107 m3). The following discussion of fracture patterns first focuses on those involving more buttresses and then focuses on those that involve fewer buttresses (e.g., orbital “blowout” or mandibular fractures). Ser. Foot Ankle Int 2013; 34(4): 523-9. Etna: volcano laboratory, Geophys. Res 38, 325–344 (1989). Smeeing et al. Other options include arthroscopically assisted reduction [36] and the lateral transmalleolar approach [37]. The tension fractures form in response to absolute tensile stresses related to rifting or, for Etna, more specifically volcano spreading. Patient one: a axial CT image at the level of the inferior maxillary sinus shows fractures in both pterygoid plates (arrowheads). Radiologists’ interpretations of CT scans are important for planning surgery in patients with facial trauma. Sci. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63(9):1266–1277, Gruss JS, Van Wyck L, Phillips JH, Antonyshyn O (1990) The importance of the zygomatic arch in complex midfacial fracture repair and correction of posttraumatic orbitozygomatic deformities. Distributed by: New Line Cinema: Release date. 113 minutes: Country: United States Germany: Language: English: Budget: $10 million: Box office: $92 million: Fracture is a 2007 legal thriller film, starring Anthony Hopkins and Ryan Gosling, and directed by Gregory Hoblit. Cyclic lateral collapses came in succession, primarily in the period from ~105 to ~15 ka12, and the present-day evolution phase of the volcano started 14–15 ka ago. It follows that the estimated strain energy is sufficient to generate a feeder-dyke with a strike-dimension of 2–3 km and with a dip-dimension as great as 10 km, agreeing with the maximum estimated depth of the magma chamber. Cite this article. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 25(4):601–616, Flint PW, Haughey BH, Lund VJ et al. The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise. 186, 320–330 (2009). The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 76, 816 (2014). Once the fractured malleolus is replaced, the joint reduction is no longer visible, and so it is the posterior tibial cortex that provides direction as to the appropriate positioning of the posterior malleolus. The sural nerve in the foot and ankle: An anatomic study with clinical and surgical implications. Also, 100 m is less than the selected bin length (200 m) and negligible considering the average length and the size range of the whole fracture population. J Trauma 1989; 29(11): 1565-70. Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) can be confirmed using MRI as hyperintensity of the optic nerve due to diffusion restriction can serve as a specific imaging marker and when paired with reduced ADC values, an important surrogate for visual acuity [32]. Classification of naso-orbito-ethmoidal fractures. Map composed in ESRI ArcGIS v. 10.2 (http://www.esri.com/arcgis). They found that patients with trimalleolar ankle fractures in whom the posterior malleolus was treated with posterolateral buttress plating had superior clinical outcomes at follow-up compared with those treated with AP screws. Bull. 16). The current indications are varied and evolving and include fractures involving >25% to 33% of the articular surface, displacement>2 mm, ankle instability with concomitant syndesmotic injury, and persistent posterior subluxation of the talus [2, 13-16]. The length-size distribution of the 226 fractures follows a power law. Foot Ankle Surg 2014; 20(1): 48-51. Here we use data on the size distributions of volcanic fissures/feeder-dykes, crater cones, dyke thicknesses, and lava flows to estimate the average magma volume flowing out of the chamber during eruptions and the volume of the chamber. Share the love: refer a friend and get $50. April 20, 2007 () (US) Running time. reported that the distance was 7.2 ± 4.1 mm between the sural nerve and the posterior section of the fibula [26]. With Sam Worthington, Lily Rabe, Lucy Capri, Adjoa Andoh. Gudmundsson, A. Nat. Res: Solid Earth (1978–2012) 109, B11404 (2004). However, an important obstacle in the management of facial trauma is that only low level evidence supports current recommendations [21]. Risk factors for surgical site infection following operative ankle fracture fixation. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures extend through these four borders (Fig. Rock Fractures in Geological Processes. Radiographics 33(1):3–19, Fraioli RE, Branstetter BF 4th, Deleyiannis FW (2008) Facial fractures: beyond Le Fort. Severe comminution or angulation can lead to wide surgical exposure. Wang X, Ma X, Zhang C, Huang J, Jiang J. Anatomical factors affecting the selection of an operative approach for fibular fractures involving the posterior malleolus. ", "There are many scientists who can not afford the rather expensive subscriptions to scientific journals. McGuire, W. J. Prehistoric dyke trends on Mount Etna; implications for magma transport and storage. We therefore use cumulative frequency distributions rather than histograms, whereby one plots the probability P(x) that x has a value greater than or equal to x. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Thus, each unrest with a dyke injection is also a potential eruption. PubMed Central  There may also be additional elastic energy stored in the volcanic edifice of Etna due to its spreading1. (4) yields strain energy of about 2.8 × 1014 J. These are very reasonable values and are all within commonly estimated magma-chamber sizes. The average time of non-weight bearing selected varied from 4.9 (± 3.1) weeks for in young, healthy patients with SER4 equivalent injuries to 7.6 (± 6.0) weeks for older patients with medical comorbidities with trimalleolar fractures [52]. If the temporalis muscle is injured or becomes impinged in the infratemporal fossa, patients can develop trismus. At a local scale, the volcano is subject to an ESE-WNW-striking extension, generating a belt of NNW-SSE to NNE-SSW-striking normal fault segments that dissect the lower eastern flank of the volcanic edifice8. 38, L16306 (2011). Jowett AJ, Sheikh FT, Carare RO, Goodwin MI. Corsaro, R. A., Miraglia, L. & Pompilio, M. Petrologic evidence of a complex plumbing system feeding the July–August 2001 eruption of Mt. The posterolateral approach to the tibia for displaced posterior malleolar injuries. J. Geosci. The roof is the only part of the orbital wall that separates the anterior cranial fossa from the contents of the orbit; injury to this structure can result in a dural tear and consequently a cerebrospinal fluid leakage or a brain herniation. Fractures that are incomplete, that still have periosteal attachments intact in some areas or that are impacted, are the hardest to treat, so to report these data might be helpful for the surgeon. J. Int. Young patients are at risk of developing posttraumatic osteoarthritis, with a significant impact on quality of life due to pain and impaired function. The sural nerve courses from medial to lateral and crosses the lateral border of the Achilles tendon on average 9.8 cm proximal to its insertion in the calcaneus. b, c Middle cranial fossa axial CT images from two different patients show extension of the fracture into the sphenoid bone and skull base affecting the carotid canal (white arrow in b) and foramen ovale (black arrow in c) with possible injury to carotid arteries and cranial nerves. The wife and daughter go missing.